DESIGN AND DRAFTING

Everything you need to know about Virtual Reality

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Passive VR

What is Virtual Reality?

Virtual Reality Virtual reality (VR) refers to a world that appears to be real and has many of the properties of an actual world. As a term, virtual reality describes a system that allows one or more people to move about and react in a computer-simulated environment. In this environment, virtual objects are manipulated using various types of devices as though they were real objects. This simulated world gives a feeling of being immersed in the real world, such as the inside and outside of a product or building; the simulation includes sound and touch.

A walk-through can be characterized as a camera in a computer program that creates a first-person view of walking through a building, around a product or building, or through a landscape. A fly-through is similar to a walk-through, but the first-person camera view is like a helicopter flying through the area.

Fly-through is generally not used to describe a tour through a building. Walk-through or fly-through is the effect of a computer-generated movie. The computer images represent the real architecture or the VR presentation in which the computer images turn or move as you turn your head in the desired direction. Realistic renderings, animations, and VR are excellent tools to show the client how the building will look inside and out or how a product will operate. Design ideas can be created and easily changed at this stage.

VR requires special interface devices that transmit the simulated world’s sights, sounds, and sensations. In return, these devices record speech and movement and transmit them back to the simulation software program. Virtual reality technology is a logical step in the design process.

A VR system provides the capability of interacting with a model of any size, from molecular to astronomical. Surgeons can learn from virtual patients and practice real operations on a virtual body constructed from scanned images of the human patient. Home designers can walk around inside a house, stretching, moving, and copying shapes to create a finished product.

Buildings can be designed and placed on virtual building sites. Clients can take walk-through tours of a building before it is built and make changes as they walk through. Scientists can conduct experiments on a molecular level by placing themselves inside a model of chemical compounds. Using telerobotics, a person can see through the eyes of a robot while in a safe virtual environment in order to guide a robot into a hazardous situation.

Passive VR

Through-the-window VR, also referred to as passive VR, is a common basic VR application. Passive VR is the manipulation of a 3-D model with input from a mouse, trackball, or 3-D motion control device. This allows more than one person to see and experience the 3-D world. A variation on this is a flat-panel display with handles for movement. The window VR unit in Figure is designed to allow natural interaction with the virtual environment. Museum and showroom visitors can walk up, grab the handles, and instantly begin interacting. Observers can follow the action by moving beside the primary user. A variety of handle-mounted buttons imitate keyboard keystrokes, joystick buttons, or 3-D motion control device buttons.

Another type of through-the-window VR consists of a special stereoscopic monitor and sensing devices. The viewer wears lightweight, passive, polarized eyewear. The monitor sends the images directly to the screen to generate 3-D images by users wearing the special glasses. This technology also allows several persons to view the same image on the screen.

Head Mounted Display (HMD)

HEAD MOUNT DISPLAY To interact visually with the simulated world, you wear a head-mounted display (HMD), which directs computer images at each eye (see Figure). The HMD tracks your head movements, including the direction in which you are looking. Using this movement information, the HMD receives updated images from the computer system, which is continually recalculating the virtual world based on your head motions. The computer generates new views quickly, preventing the view from appearing halting and jerky and lagging behind your movements. The HMD can also deliver sounds to your earphones. The tracking feature of the HMD also can be used to update the audio signal to simulate surround sound effects. The three most important HMD attributes are

  • field of view (FOV)
  • resolution
  • weight

  • Field of View (FOV)

Field of View (FOV) The human visual field is approximately 2008 wide for both eyes, about 1508 for each eye, and 908 vertically. The portion of the visual field that is visible to both eyes is called the binocular overlap and is about 1008. The greater binocular overlap allows a stronger sense of depth. The necessary vertical field of view depends on the application. For example, driving simulators typically require only a narrow vertical field of view because the out-of-window view in most cars is limited in the vertical direction. In addition, scientific research into motion and balance often requires taller vertical fields of view so that test subjects can see below and above them.

  • Resolution

Resolution Higher resolution throughout the visual field brings out fine detail in a scene (such as the ability to read text on a car’s dashboard), makes images look more realistic, and increases the amount of information that can be displayed. The characteristics of a computer monitor are often specified as a size measure (such as 21 in.) and as input resolution (such as 1920 3 1200 pixels). Input resolution is useful in determining compatibility with a particular image generator, and pixel density is at least as important in determining visual quality. A reasonable estimate of the visual sharpness for a person with 20/20 vision is 60  pixels/degree. This means that to match human visual quality, an HMD with a field of view of 408 3 308 (H 3 V) would need to present 2400 3 1800 pixels.

  • Weight

A lightweight and balanced HMD helps users feel comfortable and allows for greater freedom of movement. Professional HMDs can be as light as 350 g (12 oz) or as heavy as 2 kg (4.5 lbs). A way to assist HMD weight is to install a boom mechanism that suspends the HMD from the top, although this typically restricts movement and makes the system more cumbersome. There is a dramatic range in the weights of offered HMDs.

Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)

Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor The Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM), developed by Fake Space, Inc., is a head-coupled stereoscopic display device (see Figure). The display is attached to a counterbalanced multilink arm system. The person can guide the counterbalanced display while looking into it like binoculars. The system is guided with tracking attached to the counterbalanced arms.

Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)

Cave Automatic Virtual Environment The Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) projects stereo images on the walls and floor of a room. CAVE was developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago to allow users to wear lightweight stereo glasses and to walk around freely inside the virtual environment. Several persons can participate within the CAVE environment as the tracking system follows the lead viewer’s position and movements, as shown in Figure.

Haptic Interface

Phantom haptic device The sense of touch is the most challenging physical sensation to simulate in a virtual world. A haptic interface is a device that relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations. In this environment, your hand and finger movements can be tracked, allowing you to reach into the virtual world and handle objects. Haptic interfaces of this type hold great potential for design engineers, allowing various team members to manipulate a product design in a virtual environment in a natural way. Although you can handle an object, it is difficult to generate sensations associated with the human touch, for example. These sensations are felt when a person touches a soft surface, picks up a heavy object or runs a finger across a bumpy surface. Very accurate and fast computer-controlled motors generate force by pushing against the user to simulate these sensations.

Haptic devices are synchronized with HMD sight and sound, and the motors must be small enough to be worn without interfering with natural movement. A simple haptic device is the desktop stylus shown in Figure. This device can apply a small force, through a mechanical linkage, to a stylus held in the user’s hand. When the stylus encounters a virtual object, the user is provided feedback that simulates the interaction. In addition, if the stylus is dragged across a textured surface, it responds with the proper vibration.

In the future, engineers may use VR to increase productivity in various areas, including virtual mock-up, assembly, and design reviews. These applications may include the realistic simulation of human factors, such as snap-fits, key component functions, and the experience of virtual forms. Virtual assemblies may include fit evaluation, maintenance path planning, manufacturability analysis, and assembly training.

Web-Enabled Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)

An emerging area in the world of virtual reality is Web-enabled virtual reality modeling language (VRML). VRML is a formatting language that is used to publish virtual 3-D settings called worlds on the World Wide Web (www). Once the developer has placed the world on the Internet, the user can view it using a Web-browser plug-in. This plug-in contains controls that allow the user to move around in the virtual world as the user would like to experience it. Currently, VRML is a standard authoring language that provides authoring tools for the creation of 3-D worlds with integrated hyperlinks. The current version of VRML is viewed using a basic computer monitor and, therefore, is not fully immersive. However, the future of VRML should incorporate the use of HMDs and haptic devices, making for more truly immersive environments.

In the future, engineers may use VR to increase productivity in various areas, including virtual mock-up, assembly, and design reviews. These applications may include the realistic simulation of human factors, such as snap-fits, key component functions, and the experience of virtual forms. Virtual assemblies may include fit evaluation, maintenance path planning, manufacturability analysis, and assembly training.

VR Opportunities

A field of opportunity is available in the creation of virtual worlds. These worlds are detailed 3-D models of a wide variety of subjects. Virtual worlds need to be constructed for many different applications. Persons who can construct realistic 3-D models can be in great demand. The fields of VR geographic information systems (GIS) are combined to create intelligent worlds from which data can be obtained while occupying the virtual world. In the future, many cities will have virtual models on their Web sites.

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Where is virtual reality used?

Virtual reality (VR) is used in various fields and industries for a wide range of applications. Some of the key areas where virtual reality is utilized include:
Gaming and Entertainment: VR is perhaps most commonly associated with gaming and entertainment. VR gaming immerses players in virtual worlds, allowing for immersive and interactive gameplay experiences. VR is also used for virtual theme park attractions, immersive storytelling experiences, and virtual tours of museums and historical sites.
Training and Simulation: VR is used extensively for training and simulation purposes across industries such as aviation, military, healthcare, and manufacturing. VR simulations provide a safe and controlled environment for training scenarios that may be too dangerous, costly, or impractical to replicate in the real world. Examples include flight simulators for pilot training, virtual medical simulations for surgical training, and virtual equipment training for industrial workers.
Education and Learning: VR is increasingly being used in education to enhance learning experiences and engage students in immersive and interactive educational content. Virtual reality can transport students to historical events, distant locations, or microscopic environments, providing a deeper understanding of complex concepts and subjects.
Architecture and Design: VR is used in architecture and design for immersive visualization of building designs and environments. Architects and designers can use VR to explore and interact with 3D models of buildings, interiors, and urban spaces, allowing for better spatial understanding and design evaluation.
Healthcare and Therapy: VR is utilized in healthcare for various applications, including pain management, rehabilitation, and therapy. VR simulations and experiences can help patients manage pain, improve mobility and motor skills, and treat phobias and anxiety disorders through exposure therapy.
Real Estate and Tourism: VR is used in real estate and tourism for virtual property tours and destination experiences. VR allows potential buyers to explore properties remotely and experience them in immersive 3D environments. Similarly, VR is used to provide virtual tours of tourist destinations, hotels, and resorts.
Engineering and Product Design: VR is used in engineering and product design for immersive design reviews, collaborative design sessions, and virtual prototyping. Engineers and designers can visualize and interact with 3D models of products and prototypes in VR environments, enabling better design evaluation and decision-making.
Psychology and Research: VR is used in psychology and research for studying human behavior, cognition, and perception in controlled virtual environments. Researchers use VR simulations to conduct experiments, test hypotheses, and investigate topics such as spatial navigation, social interactions, and human-computer interaction.

Why is VR important?

Virtual reality (VR) is important for several reasons, as it offers numerous benefits and opportunities across various fields and industries:

Immersive Experiences: VR provides immersive and realistic experiences that engage multiple senses, creating a sense of presence and immersion in virtual environments. This immersive quality of VR enables users to explore, interact with, and experience virtual worlds in ways that were previously impossible, leading to enhanced entertainment, education, training, and simulation experiences.
Enhanced Learning and Training: VR offers a safe and controlled environment for learning and training, allowing users to practice skills, conduct simulations, and gain hands-on experience in realistic virtual scenarios. VR-based training programs can improve learning outcomes, retention, and engagement, particularly for complex or high-risk tasks in fields such as healthcare, aviation, and manufacturing.
Remote Collaboration and Communication: VR enables remote collaboration and communication by allowing users to meet and interact with others in virtual spaces regardless of their physical location. VR meetings, conferences, and collaborative workspaces facilitate communication, teamwork, and creativity among distributed teams, reducing the need for travel and enabling more flexible and efficient collaboration.
Visualization and Design: VR provides powerful visualization tools for architects, designers, engineers, and artists, allowing them to explore and interact with 3D models and designs in immersive virtual environments. VR-based design reviews, prototyping, and visualization tools enable better spatial understanding, design evaluation, and decision-making, leading to more innovative and efficient design solutions.
Therapeutic and Healthcare Applications: VR has therapeutic applications in healthcare for pain management, rehabilitation, exposure therapy, and cognitive training. VR-based interventions can help reduce pain, improve motor skills, treat phobias and anxiety disorders, and enhance the overall well-being of patients by providing immersive and engaging therapeutic experiences.

Research and Exploration: VR enables researchers to study human behavior, cognition, and perception in controlled virtual
environments, leading to insights into various aspects of psychology, neuroscience, and human-computer interaction. VR simulations can also be used for scientific visualization, data analysis, and exploration of complex systems and phenomena.

Entertainment and Media: VR offers new possibilities for immersive entertainment experiences, including VR gaming, interactive storytelling, virtual theme park attractions, and cinematic experiences. VR-based entertainment content provides audiences with engaging and immersive experiences that go beyond traditional media formats, leading to new forms of creative expression and entertainment.

Everything you need to know about Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

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Computer-Aided Manufacturing

What is Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)?

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses computers to assist in the creation or modification of manufacturing control data, plans, or operations and to operate machine tools. Computers are

integral to the manufacturing process. Computerized tools such as welding machines, machining centres, punch press machines, and laser-cutting machines are commonplace. Many firms are engaged in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). In a CAD/CAM system, a part is designed on the computer and transmitted directly to computer-driven machine tools that manufacture the part. Within the CAD/CAM process, there are other computerized steps along the way, including the following:

STEP 1 The CAD program is used to create the product geometry. The geometry can be in the form of 2-D Multiview drawings or 3-D models.

STEP 2 The drawing geometry is used in the CAM program to generate instructions for the CNC machine tools. This step is commonly referred to as CAD/CAM integration.

STEP 3 The CAM program uses a series of commands to instruct CNC machine tools by setting up tool paths. The tool path includes the selection of specific tools to accomplish the desired operation.

STEP 4 The CAM programmer establishes the desired tool and tool path. Running the postprocessor generates the final CNC program. A postprocessor is an integral piece of software that converts a generic CAM system tool path into usable CNC machine code (G-code). The CNC program is a sequential list of machining operations in the form of code that is used to machine the part as needed.

STEP 5 The CAM software simulator verifies the CNC program (see Figure).

STEP 6 The CNC code is created. Figure 3.26 illustrates the CADD 3-D model, the tool and tool holder, the tool path, and the G-code for machining a part.

STEP 7 The program is run on the CNC machine tool to manufacture the desired number of parts.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

Computer numerical control, also known as numerical control (NC), is the control of a process or machine by encoded commands that are commonly prepared by a computer. CNC is a critical aspect of CAM in which a computerized controller uses motors to drive each axis of a machine, such as a mill, to manufacture parts in a production environment. The machine’s motors rotate based on the direction, speed, and length of time specified in the CNC program file. A programmer creates this file, and it contains the programming language used to establish the operation performed on the machine tool. Examples of CNC programming language include G-codes, which are primary functions such as tool moves, and M-codes, which are miscellaneous functions such as tool changes and coolant settings. CNC is a major innovation in manufacturing. CNC has led to increased productivity because the consistency of the process has lowered manufacturing costs, increased product quality, and led to the development of new techniques. Persons possessing CADD and CNC skills can find various opportunities in manufacturing industries.

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) brings together all the technologies in a management system, coordinating CADD, CAM, CNC, robotics, and material handling from the beginning of the design process through the packaging and shipment of the product. The computer system controls and monitors all the elements of the manufacturing system. The figure illustrates an example of CAD within a CIM process. The field of CIM incorporates the disciplines of CAD, CAM, robotics, electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, computer programming, and process control. Computer-integrated manufacturing enables all persons within a company to access and use the same database that designers and engineers would normally use.

Within CIM, the computer and its software control most, if not all, portions of manufacturing. A basic CIM system can include transporting the stock material from a holding area to the machining centre, which performs several machining functions. From there, the part can be moved automatically to another station where additional pieces are attached, then on to an inspection station, and from there to shipping or packaging.

Additional Applications

In addition to design and manufacturing, CADD provides usable data and supports many other areas of the engineering design process. Most sales and marketing materials, technical publications, and training documents reference some form of CADD data. Often, existing drawings and models provide the majority of critical content required for items such as product brochures and installation and service manuals. Technical illustration involves the use of a variety of artistic and graphic arts skills and a wide range of media in addition to pictorial drawing techniques. The figure shows an example of a technical illustration partly created by directly reusing existing CADD data from the design process.

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What is Computer-Aided Manufacturing?

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) refers to the use of computer software and hardware to automate and optimize manufacturing processes. CAM systems integrate with computer-aided design (CAD) software to translate digital design data into instructions for controlling manufacturing machinery and equipment, such as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines, 3D printers, and robotic systems.

CAM software plays a crucial role in the manufacturing process by:

Toolpath Generation: CAM software generates toolpaths, which are the precise paths that cutting tools or additive manufacturing devices follow to shape raw material into a finished part. These toolpaths are generated based on the geometry of the part, machining parameters, and other factors.
Machine Simulation: CAM software often includes simulation capabilities to visualize and verify the machining process before it is executed on the actual machine. Machine simulation helps detect collisions, verify tool clearances, and ensure that the machining operation will proceed smoothly and safely.
Post-Processing: After generating toolpaths, CAM software converts them into machine-specific G-code or other machine-readable instructions. This process, known as post-processing, translates the toolpath data into commands that control the movements of the machine’s axes, spindle speed, tool changes, and other parameters.
Optimization and Efficiency: CAM software allows users to optimize manufacturing processes for efficiency, productivity, and quality. This may involve optimizing cutting strategies, minimizing material waste, reducing machining time, and improving surface finish.
Integration with CAD and PLM: CAM software often integrates with CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software and PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) systems to streamline the transition from design to manufacturing. This integration enables seamless transfer of design data, facilitates collaboration between design and manufacturing teams, and ensures that manufacturing processes are aligned with design intent.

Who uses computer-aided engineering?

Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is used by various professionals and industries involved in product development, engineering design, analysis, and manufacturing. Some of the key users of CAE include:

Mechanical Engineers: Mechanical engineers use CAE tools to analyze and optimize the structural integrity, thermal performance, and dynamic behavior of mechanical components and systems. They apply CAE techniques in industries such as automotive, aerospace, machinery, and consumer products.
Civil Engineers: Civil engineers utilize CAE software to simulate and analyze the behavior of structures, infrastructure, and construction materials. They use CAE tools for tasks such as structural analysis, finite element modeling of bridges and buildings, and optimization of construction processes.
Aerospace Engineers: Aerospace engineers rely on CAE for aerodynamic analysis, structural design, and optimization of aircraft and spacecraft components. CAE is used in the development of airframes, propulsion systems, control systems, and other aerospace technologies.
Electrical Engineers: Electrical engineers use CAE software for simulation and analysis of electrical circuits, systems, and devices. They apply CAE techniques in industries such as electronics, power generation, telecommunications, and semiconductor manufacturing.
Manufacturing Engineers: Manufacturing engineers leverage CAE tools to optimize manufacturing processes, improve production efficiency, and ensure product quality. They use CAE for tasks such as process simulation, toolpath optimization, and virtual testing of manufacturing equipment.
Product Designers: Product designers use CAE software to validate and optimize design concepts, assess performance requirements, and identify design improvements. CAE helps designers ensure that products meet customer needs, performance specifications, and regulatory requirements.
Research and Development (R&D) Engineers: R&D engineers use CAE techniques to explore new technologies, develop innovative solutions, and solve complex engineering problems. CAE enables R&D teams to conduct virtual experiments, test hypotheses, and evaluate design alternatives before committing to physical prototypes.
Automotive Engineers: Automotive engineers apply CAE tools for vehicle design, crash simulation, aerodynamics analysis, and optimization of automotive systems and components. CAE plays a crucial role in improving vehicle safety, performance, and fuel efficiency.
Biomedical Engineers: Biomedical engineers use CAE software for modeling and simulation of biological systems, medical devices, and implants. CAE helps biomedical engineers design and optimize medical devices, prosthetics, and implants for improved patient outcomes.

Everything you need to know about Computer-Aided Engineering

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Computer-aided engineering

What is Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)?

Computer-aided engineering (CAE) Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the method of using computers in design, analysis, and manufacturing of a product, process, or project. CAE relates to most elements of CADD in the industry. CAE is often recognized as the umbrella discipline that involves several computer-aided technologies including but not limited to, CAD, computer-aided industrial design (CAID), CAD/CAM, CNC, CIM, and PDM, plus the Internet and other technologies to collaborate on projects. CAE often focuses on mechanical design and product development automation. Some of the most familiar elements of CAE are surface and solid modeling and the simulation, analysis, testing, and optimization of mechanical structures and systems using digital prototypes. FEA is a process often associated with CAE. The figure shows a 3-D solid model being subjected to simulated tests and stress analysis.

Animation

Animations(a)

Animations(b) Animations(c) Animation is the process of making drawings or models move and change according to a sequence of predefined images. Computer animations are made by defining, or recording, a series of still images in various positions of incremental movement; when played back, the series no longer appears as static images but as an unbroken motion. Figure provides an example of three images taken from an animation of a solid model assembly process. Based on the still images shown, try to imagine what the complete animation looks like as the components come together to build the assembly. Animation is a broad topic with a variety of applications for different requirements, including engineering, education, and entertainment.

  • Engineering Animations


Engineering Animations(a)
Engineering Animations(b)

Engineering Animations (c) Animations are a basic element of product design and analysis, and they are often useful for other stages of the engineering design process. Animations help explain and show designs in ways that 2-D drawings and motionless 3-D models cannot. Companies often use animations to analyze product functions, explore alternative designs and concepts, and effectively communicate design ideas to customers. For example, moving, dragging, or driving solid model parts and subassemblies is an effective way to explore the motion and relationship of assembly components. The figure shows still images from an animation of an engine crankshaft and pistons. The animation helps designers understand how components move and function, and it is used for analysis and simulation, such as to detect interference between components and evaluate stresses.

Inverse Kinematics (a)
Inverse Kinematics (b)
Inverse Kinematics (c)

Inverse kinematics (IK) is a method used to control how solid objects move in an assembly. IK joins solid objects together using natural links or joints such as that illustrated in the sequence of frames of the universal joint shown in Figure; for example, IK relationships can lock the rotation of an object around one particular axis. Adding this type of information allows the solid assembly to move as the finished product moves. IK is used extensively to animate human and mechanical joint movements. Building and simulating an IK model involves a number of steps, including:

  • Building a solid model of each jointed component.
  • Linking the solid model together by defining the joints.
  • Defining the joint behaviour at each point, such as the direction of rotation.
  • Animating the IK assembly using an animation sequence.

  • E-Learning Animations

Computer animations are a great tool for educators. Teachers and trainers create e-learning animations that can be used as an additional learning tool in the classroom or as an online or distance-learning presentation. Many companies and agencies use animations and simulations as an important part of their training routines. Examples of e-learning animations include corporate and military training activities, repair procedures, and complex simulations. For example, Figure shows still images taken from a full-length video of the assembly and disassembly of a product, which is an impressive tool for training assembly workers.

  • Entertainment

Entertainment is a well-known application for computer animations. The movie and television industries use computer animations heavily to add visual effects. In fact, some animated movies and television programs are created entirely using computer animation technology. Animations also provide the foundation for developing computer and video games. The increasing complexity of computer animation is resulting in video games that are more realistic and more exciting than ever before.

  • Animation Techniques

Animations can range from the simple movement of solid model components in an assembly to large-scale videos or presentations with dialogue, music, and a variety of graphics. Many CADD programs, especially parametric solid modelling software, contain tools and options that allow you to generate basic animations. Other systems, such as Autodesk 3ds Max & VIZ contain advanced animation tools that let you render solid models into very realistic 3-D motion simulations. Designated animation programs like Autodesk Maya and Maxon Cinema 4D are typically used for e-learning projects, films, and games. These programs are designed explicitly for realistic animations, renders, character creation, and rigging. Animators commonly import CADD models into animation software, sometimes removing unnecessary engineering data to allow for practical and smooth animation. However, re-creating models in the animation software is often more efficient for better animation or rendering. It is always a good idea to do some pre-production work before you record an animation.

  • Storyboarding

Storyboarding is a process by which you sketch out the key events of the animation. These sketches help ensure that key scenes are included to complete the story or demonstration. Video producers use storyboarding to preplan their production to help reduce costly studio editing time. Advanced rendering can take days to complete even on a high-speed computer.

If scenes are left out of the animation, then the animation has to be redone, costing significant time and money. Renderings, like video productions, are different from live-action film productions where improvising takes place. Improvising does not occur during animation rendering, and therefore it must be precisely planned. When storyboarding an animation, keep the focus on your audience. This focus should include the overall length of the animation, key points that must be demonstrated, and how these key points are to be best illustrated. Storyboarding is a simple process that can be done on note cards or plain paper. Include sketches of the key scenes that show how these events should be illustrated and the time allotted for each.

Most rendering software allows you to preview the animation sequences before rendering is executed. This feature is a good way to verify that an animation meets your expectations. When finished, select a rendering output file format and instruct the software to render your animation to a file. Animation software renders to a number of different file formats that allow for convenient playback.

Common file formats are

  • AVI
  • MPEG
  • QuickTime
  • WAV

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What is the role of CAE engineer?

CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software can generally be categorized into two main types based on their approach to modeling and design:
Parametric CAD Software: Parametric CAD software uses mathematical parameters and constraints to define the geometry of models. Users create features and components by specifying dimensions, relationships, and constraints, which are then used to generate the geometry. Parametric modeling allows for precise control over the design and facilitates making changes and updates by maintaining relationships between different elements of the model. Examples of parametric CAD software include SolidWorks, Autodesk Inventor, CATIA, and PTC Creo.

Direct Modeling CAD Software: Direct modeling CAD software, also known as explicit modeling or non-parametric modeling, allows users to manipulate geometry directly without relying on predefined parameters or constraints. With direct modeling, users can push, pull, and edit geometry intuitively, making it well-suited for quick concept modeling and making modifications to existing designs. Direct modeling software is often used in industries where flexibility and speed are prioritized over strict control over design parameters. Examples of direct modeling CAD software include Autodesk Fusion 360, Rhino 3D (Rhinoceros), and Siemens NX.
These two types of CAD software each have their own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them often depends on the specific needs of the user and the requirements of the project. Some CAD software packages incorporate elements of both parametric and direct modeling approaches to offer users flexibility and versatility in their design workflows.

What is the benefit of CAE?

Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) offers several benefits throughout the product development lifecycle:

Cost Reduction: CAE allows for virtual testing and analysis, reducing the need for physical prototypes and expensive testing equipment. By catching design flaws and optimizing performance early in the design process, CAE helps prevent costly errors and redesigns later on.
Faster Time to Market: CAE enables engineers to iterate and refine designs more quickly than traditional methods. By simulating and evaluating multiple design variations rapidly, CAE accelerates the design optimization process, leading to shorter development cycles and faster time to market.

Improved Product Performance: CAE tools provide insights into how a product will perform under various operating conditions, allowing engineers to optimize designs for performance, efficiency, and reliability. By predicting and addressing potential issues early in the design phase, CAE helps ensure that products meet or exceed performance requirements.

Enhanced Innovation: CAE facilitates exploration of innovative design concepts and novel solutions by providing a platform for virtual experimentation and testing. Engineers can push the boundaries of traditional design approaches and explore new ideas without the constraints of physical prototyping.

Risk Mitigation: CAE enables engineers to identify and mitigate risks associated with product design and performance early in the development process. By simulating real-world conditions and evaluating the effects of design changes, CAE helps minimize the likelihood of product failures, recalls, and warranty issues.

Optimized Design for Manufacturing: CAE tools can be used to analyze manufacturing processes and identify opportunities for optimization. By simulating manufacturing operations and assessing factors such as material flow, tooling, and assembly processes, CAE helps engineers design products that are easier and more cost-effective to manufacture.

Environmental Impact Reduction: CAE allows engineers to evaluate the environmental impact of product designs, including factors such as energy consumption, emissions, and recyclability. By optimizing designs for sustainability and efficiency, CAE contributes to reducing the environmental footprint of products and processes.

BEST HELPFUL CAD SOFTWARE

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BEST FREE CAD SOFTWARE

BEST FREE AND HELPFUL CAD SOFTWARE

BEST FREE CAD SOFTWARE

CAD SOFTWARE

If you are in the designing and drafting industry, you must know that CAD software is the backbone of this vast field. Computer-aided design and Drafting have changed the picture of the designing world for all architects and engineers. You can now design in an automated manner that earlier used to be manual. CAD software has made life easier with the options to maximize efficiency by drafting construction documentation, exploring new design ideas, visualizing various concepts through photorealistic rendering, and simulating the performance of products and projects in the real world. The features of CAD software allow you to create, design, and print 3D models, but what holds most designers back is the cost of CAD programs. To make your life easy, we have listed down a number of CAD software here that are totally free for you to use anywhere, anytime!

FREECAD

“FreeCAD“ as the name says it all, is free CAD software which is not only open source but is also flexible. Having an open-source code allows you to use it without worrying about violating the copyright. This parametric, 3D modeller can read files in numerous file formats and is best for Linux users. Mechanical engineers around the globe trust FreeCAD for creating 3D projects because of the comprehensive tools it offers. Tools like fine element analysis, product design and robot simulation modules make it the go-to program for every designer. Although the interface of FreeCAD is complex, its growing community consists of experts who can help you design easily and keep the software up to date.

LIBRECAD

“LibreCAD“ is another free, open-source CAD software that gives you the opportunity to draft and design 2D plus 3D models. It can be used for personal as well as commercial use, as the vast toolbox gives you the leverage to elaborate your drawing, use raytracing for rendering and analysis, practice layer measurements inside your drawing, etc. This software has a customizable interface that is flexible and user-friendly.

QCAD

Moreover, “QCAD“ which is a free 2D drawing software, is very similar to AutoCAD. It should suit you best for architecture projects; create and develop technical drawings, schematics, diagrams and blueprints with it efficiently. Like QCAD, there’s a software called “DraftSight” which has comparable functions. This 2D CAD program is particularly used by engineers, architects and designers because you can easily create, edit, view and review any DWG file in it without compromising on your speed, efficiency and ease of adjustment. It has a super easy-to-learn interface, and users love its free as well as the paid version.

SOLVE SPACE

Other popular software includes“Solve Space“, “eMachine Shop”, and “Heeks CAD”. “Solve Space” is a parametric 3D model program that makes the modification of dimensions and shapes stress-free. “eMachine Shop” is practised in professional settings as it analyzes the design critically and points the probability and possibility of impractical shapes in your design. Likewise, “HeeksCAD” is used by mechanical engineers for 3D solid modelling. All of these programs help bring your designs to life!

NANOCAD

“NanoCAD“ is also free software, valued by a number of designers far and wide. It suits well to experienced users who understand advanced 2D and 3D functionality and CAD tools. The interface is relatively easy to use and the software stays up to date as it is highly competitive. One of the benefits of this program is that it supports automation features which make it easy to transfer drafts and documentations from app to database. However, you would need a powerful machine to render the designs afterwards.

OPENSCAD

In addition, “OpenSCAD“ is intuitive software that uses textual description language to create 3D CAD objects. It works on the principles of Constructive Solid Geometry(CSG). This software is the best fit for designing simple shapes and is extremely developer-centric because of its easy user interface.

OTHERS CAD SOFTWARE

A few other software that you can use free of cost are “BlocksCAD”, “LeoCAD”, “K-3D”, and “3D-Crafter”. “BlocksCAD” was developed for educational purposes, and it has a block-based interface. This cloud-based software has computation thinking and the concept of coding at its foundation. Cloud-based software helps retain the data without losing any progression. Similarly, “LeoCAD” was also formed for educational purposes. It helps build virtual designs using LEGO Bricks. LeoCAD is extremely resourceful for beginners because of its interface and open-source coding.”K-3D” is also an ingenious, flexible, and open-source program that allows you to create 3D models and animations for free. The undo/redo system shortens the span of revisions and helps retain the data effectively. It is a greatly artist-oriented program, and features like parametric workflow and visualization make it perfect for architectural design.

ONSHAPE

Additionally, significant CAD software is “On Shape“! It is cloud-based, which allows one to pace up the business’s product development process. You can make 2D and 3D designs on this platform. Use it to create complex solid and surface models just from a browser since this software does not require powerful hardware for it to run. What’s the catch? Everything is auto-saved, so you literally don’t lose any data. Furthermore, its robust revision features protect your business against any sort of data loss. That’s not all about the program; it has other useful and effective designing tools like parts, assemblies and drawings that make this software popular. Other features like release management, workflow management, and real-time collaboration tools make it a personal choice for a lot of designers.

“Sketchup” is also free CAD software that architects use for designing infrastructure. For advanced tools, one needs to use the paid version, which is a premium version of Sketchup. “TinkerCAD” is free as well; it has a friendly interface and is packed with abundant educational resources for beginners. With this software, you can design, program, and simulate 3D models. For the ease of designers, it can also be connected directly to a 3D printer.

BEST FREE CAD SOFTWARE

So, which free CAD software are you inclined to use in the future?

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TOP BEST FREE 3D DESIGN SOFTWARE

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TOP BEST FREE 3D DESIGN SOFTWARE 2020

What is the best software for creating free 3D models?

TOP BEST FREE 3D DESIGN SOFTWARE

Designing and drafting is a big industry subject to constant change and development. The ever-increasing demand for creating realistic 3D models and images has created an opportunity for many 3D design software applications to fill in. Unfortunately, most of the highly recommended and widely used software are paid ones. This makes it difficult for designers, especially novice ones, to cater to their clients’ needs.

With this article, we’ll be listing down MORE THAN SEVEN FREE 3D DESIGN SOFTWARE that you can use for personal as well as commercial purposes.

Enhance your data management and standardize the details while designing assets and characters with these software programs today!

Blender

The star 3D software that every designer swears by is Blender, which is totally “FREE”! This intuitive software has updated features that make it the best fit for creating 3D animated characters and asset designs. With this all-encompassing software, you can do modelling, rigging, simulation, animation, rendering, compositing, motion tracking, and video editing.

These specs give you a free hand to make a representation of your object while perfecting the texture, colours, thickness, lamination, and other physical features of the object. This way, you can easily materialize your idea virtually to see what the prototype will be like. Another advantage of these specs is the proactive approach that you engage in while using this software; you can foresee and predict the flaws in the model and save time and cost in correcting the errors. The designers’ community loves Blender as it is great for beginners and serves as a great platform for experts.

Open-source code gives Blender an edge to its users as it can be used by anyone without raising questions about copyrights. Blender has a talented and beneficial community of game developers and a built-in engine. These added features make it a welcoming and comfortable software for users of all expertise levels.

Sketchup

One of the best software used by many is “Sketchup”. It has a free as well as a paid version, but the free version is sufficiently detailed for any beginner to create amazing 3D designs. It is mostly used commercially for infrastructure and asset designing. Interior designers and architects all around the world practice and use it in their practical work. Moreover, game developers use it to design video games. The users of this software may enjoy the leverage of a 3D warehouse, which is an open library source for uploading and downloading various existing 3D models. The “push and pull” tool provides a number of possibilities for dragging the points and shaping the structure. All in all, Sketchup is one great tool that you can use to amp up your 3D designing skills!

Skulptris

“Skulptris” is another 3D designing software that derives its name from the idea of “sculpting clay”. This free designing tool gives you the freedom to create life-like organic models using a wide range of brushes that allow you to sculpt the models. The features that allow you to manipulate the virtual clay are pulled, push, pinch, and twist buttons. The manipulated virtual clay gives you an exact picture of the execution of your ideal character.

Wings3D

Designers, specifically beginners, frequently use “WINGS 3D”, which is free, open-source software that you can put on your list. The designers’ community believes in Wings 3D as it creates excellent and accurate hard surface models. You can use this software to create furniture, infrastructure, and characters. Standard and advanced tools like sculpting, tweaking, virtual mirrors, and magnet masking open the floor for you to try various design techniques and generate numerous designs.

GIMP

In addition to this, “GIMP” is trusted and popular software to design 3D models. This “GNU Image Manipulation Program” has a lot to offer you. Firstly, it is free, so it’s accessible to everyone interested in design. Secondly, the software includes a number of tutorials and plugins that help you move up the learning curve; that means a designer of any proficiency level can use it. This free 3D software highlights the tools that allow one to retouch images, crop noise reduction, adjust colour, and customize brushes, interface, and gradients. The animation package and montage features are a cherry on top!

Hexagon

Getting on the bandwagon, DAZ has also created a free 3D design software called “Hexagon.” It equips the designer with tools to create detailed 3D models; these tools allow you to do freehand designing and colouring with freehand modelling brushes and advanced colours. It also offers sculpted primitives to the designers. However, this software has a downside: to do the final rendering, you might have to export it to the DAZ studio, which is a paid program.

TinkerCAD

“Tinkercad” has also made the list of the best free 3D design software. It has a user-friendly interface and proves to be one of the most resourceful educational platforms for beginners. With this software, one can design, program, and simulate. It also offers a direct connection to a 3D printer, which is a great feature.

Other free software includes“Vectary”, “3D Slash”, “Leopoly”, and “Meshmixer”.

Vectary

“Vectary” is practised mostly by beginners for graphic design, product design, and game design. The software offers sharing and collaboration tools as well as direct 3D printing. Its extensive library holds many resources and primitive designs that can be worked on. “3D Slash” differs from it in its practising manner as it works around the building blocks workflow, whereby each block is individually modified. Tools like hammers and trowels give the user a real-world feel and experience.

FREE 3D DESIGN SOFTWARE 2020

Since the field of designing is dynamic and evolving, new software or updated ones are introduced every now and then. With the help of this software, programs one can make the process of designing manageable and quick. Take charge of your 3D designing skills today with this software!

Draftings Australia provides excellent 3d printing, 3d modelling services at an affordable rate. Call Us now!

Which software is best for 3D designing?

The “best” software for 3D design depends on various factors including the specific needs of the user, the complexity of the project, and personal preferences. However, there are several widely-used and highly-regarded software options for 3D design:
Autodesk AutoCAD: AutoCAD is a versatile software widely used for 2D drafting and 3D modeling. It offers a range of tools for creating precise and detailed designs in various industries such as architecture, engineering, and manufacturing.
Autodesk Fusion 360: Fusion 360 is a cloud-based CAD/CAM/CAE software that combines 3D modeling, simulation, and collaboration tools. It’s popular among product designers, engineers, and makers for its integrated approach to design and manufacturing.
Dassault Systèmes SOLIDWORKS: SOLIDWORKS is a powerful 3D CAD software known for its user-friendly interface and extensive features for mechanical design and engineering. It’s widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and consumer goods.
Trimble SketchUp: SketchUp is known for its intuitive interface and ease of use, making it popular among architects, interior designers, and hobbyists. It’s ideal for creating quick concept models, architectural designs, and 3D visualizations.
Blender: Blender is a free and open-source 3D creation suite that offers a wide range of tools for modeling, sculpting, animation, rendering, and more. It’s used by artists, animators, game developers, and filmmakers for its versatility and community support.
Autodesk Maya: Maya is a comprehensive software used for 3D modeling, animation, simulation, and rendering in industries such as film, television, and gaming. It’s known for its advanced features and flexibility in creating complex animations and visual effects.
Rhino 3D (Rhinoceros): Rhino is a versatile 3D modeling software used in various industries including architecture, industrial design, and jewelry design. It offers flexible modeling tools and supports a wide range of file formats.

What is the best 3D software for beginners?

For beginners in 3D design, it’s often recommended to start with software that has a relatively low learning curve, intuitive interface, and ample learning resources available. Here are a few options that are popular among beginners:

SketchUp: SketchUp is known for its simplicity and ease of use, making it an excellent choice for beginners. It offers a user-friendly interface and basic modeling tools that allow users to quickly create 3D models of buildings, interiors, and objects. SketchUp also has a large community and plenty of tutorials available online.
Tinkercad: Tinkercad is a free, web-based 3D modeling software designed for beginners and students. It features a simple drag-and-drop interface and basic modeling tools, making it easy to create simple 3D models without any prior experience. Tinkercad is often used in educational settings to introduce students to 3D design concepts.

Blender: While Blender may seem daunting at first due to its extensive feature set, it’s actually a great option for beginners who are willing to invest some time in learning. Blender is free and open-source, with a large community and extensive documentation and tutorials available online. It offers powerful modeling, sculpting, animation, and rendering tools, making it suitable for a wide range of 3D projects.
Fusion 360: Fusion 360 is a cloud-based CAD/CAM/CAE software developed by Autodesk. While it may have a steeper learning curve compared to SketchUp or Tinkercad, Fusion 360 is still accessible to beginners, especially those interested in mechanical design and engineering. It offers integrated tools for 3D modeling, simulation, and collaboration, with plenty of tutorials and learning resources available.