Everything you need to know about Drafting Techniques
Basic CADD techniques
The process of preparing a 2-D drawing varies, depending on the CADD software and preferred design techniques. Software centred on 2-D drafting typically requires you to construct geometry such as lines, circles, and arcs, and add dimensions and text. In contrast, to prepare a 2-D drawing when using software or a design process that focuses on building a 3D model, you typically extract 2-D views from the 3-D model. Two- dimensional drawing concepts and theories are the same regardless of the technique used to produce the drawing.
Designing and drafting effectively with a computer requires a skilled CADD operator. To be a proficient CADD user, you must have detailed knowledge of software tools and processes and know when each tool and process is best suited for a specific task. Learn the format, appearance, and proper use of your software’s graphical user interface and customize the GUI according to common tasks and specific applications to increase proficiency. You must also understand and be able to apply design and drafting systems and conventions, plus develop effective methods for managing your work.
Drawing and Editing
CADD software includes commands for creating and modifying all elements of a drawing for any design requirement. Study the CADD drawing in as you explore drawing and editing with a computer. This drawing of a medical instrument part includes straight lines, circles, arcs, text, dimensions, and numerous symbols created accurately and efficiently using a variety of drawing and editing commands. The CADD applications throughout this textbook provide specific information about drawing and editing with CADD.
Line Standards and Layers
CADD programs often include a layer or similar system to organize and assign certain properties to objects. In CADD terminology, layers are elements of the drawing that allow you to separate objects into logical groups for formatting and display purposes. For example, a multi-view mechanical drawing can have layers for each unique line type, Including object lines, hidden lines, dimensions, and section lines (see Figure). You can display all layers to show the complete drawing or hide specific layers to focus on certain items. Lines and Lettering provide detailed information on types of lines. Some CADD systems automatically or semi-automatically set drawing elements on separate layers, and others require that you create your own layering system.
Layers allow you to conform to drawing standards and conventions and help create unique displays, views, and sheets. The following is a list of ways you can use layers to increase productivity and add value to a drawing:
- Assign each layer a unique color, line type, and line weight to correspond to line conventions and to help improve clarity.
- Make changes to layer properties that immediately update all objects drawn on the layer.
- Turn off or freeze selected layers to decrease the amount of information displayed on-screen or to speed screen regeneration.
- Plot each layer in a different color, line type, or line weight, or set a layer not to plot.
- Use separate layers to group-specific information. For example, draw a floor plan using floor plan layers, an electrical plan using electrical layers, and a plumbing plan using plumbing layers.
- Create several sheets from the same drawing file by controlling layer visibility to separate or combine drawing information. For example, use layers to display a floor plan and electrical plan together to send to an electrical contractor, or display a floor plan and plumbing plan together to send to a plumbing contractor.
CADD programs often include a layer or similar system to organize and assign certain properties to objects. In CADD terminology, layers are elements of the drawing that allow you to separate objects into logical groups for formatting and display purposes.
For example, a multi-view mechanical drawing can have layers for each unique line type,
Layers Used in Industry
The drawing typically determines the function of each layer. You can create layers for any type of drawing. Draw each object on a layer specific to the object. In mechanical drafting, you usually assign a specific layer to each different type of line or object. The following is an example list of common layers and basic properties assigned to each layer for mechanical drafting applications.
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| Layer Name | Line Type | Line Weight | Color |
| Object | Solid (continuous) | .02 in. (0.6 mm) | Black |
| Hidden | Hidden (dashed) | .01 in. (0.3 mm) | Black |
| Center | Center | .01 in. (0.3 mm) | Green |
| Dimension | Solid (continuous) | .01 in. (0.3 mm) | Red |
| Construction | Solid (continuous | .01 in. (0.3 mm) | Yellow |
| Border | Solid (continuous) | .02 in. (0.6 mm) | Black |
| Phantom | Phantom | .01 in. (0.3 mm) | Magenta |
| Section | Solid (continuous) | .01 in. (0.3 mm) | Brown |
Architectural and civil drawings, for example, can require hundreds of layers, each used to draw a specific item. For example, create full-height floor plan walls on a black A-WALL FULL layer that uses a .02 in. (0.5 mm) solid (continuous) line type. Add plumbing fixtures to a floor plan on a blue P-FLORFIXT layer that uses a .014 in. (0.35 mm) solid (continuous) line type. Draw roadway centerlines on a site plan or map using a green C-ROAD-CNTR layer that uses a .014 in. (0.35 mm) centerline type.
Layer names are usually set according to specific industry or company standards. However, simple or generic drawings may use a more basic naming system. For example, the name Continuous-White indicates a layer assigned a continuous line type and white color. The name Object-Red identifies a layer for drawing object lines that is assigned the color red. Layer names that are more complex are appropriate for some applications, and these include items such as drawing number, color code, and layer content. For example, the name Dwg101–3Dim refers to drawing DWG101, color 3, for use when adding dimensions. The CAD Layer Guidelines from the American Institute of Architects (AIA), associated with the NCS, specifies a layer naming system for architectural and related drawings. The system uses a highly detailed layer naming process.
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Virtual reality (VR) refers to a world that appears to be real and with many of the properties of an actual world. As a term, 
To interact visually with the simulated world, you wear a head-mounted display (HMD), which directs computer images at each eye (see Figure). The HMD tracks your head movements, including the direction in which you are looking. Using this movement information, the HMD receives updated images from the computer system, which is continually recalculating the virtual world based on your head motions. The computer generates new views at a fast rate, which prevents the view from appearing halting and jerky and from lagging behind your movements. The HMD can also deliver sounds to your earphones. The tracking feature of the HMD also can be used to update the audio signal to simulate surround sound effects. The three most important HMD attributes are
The Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) developed by Fake space, Inc., is a head-coupled stereoscopic display device (see Figure). The display is attached to a multilink arm system that is counterbalanced. The person can guide the counterbalanced display while looking into it like binoculars. The system is guided with tracking that is attached to the counterbalanced arms.
The Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) projects stereo images on the walls and floor of a room. CAVE was developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago to allow users to wear lightweight stereo glasses and to walk around freely inside the virtual environment. Several persons can participate within the CAVE environment as the tracking system follows the lead viewer’s position and movements as shown in Figure.
The most challenging physical sensation to simulate in a virtual world is the sense of touch. A haptic interface is a device that relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations. In this environment, your hand and finger movements can be tracked, allowing you to reach into the virtual world and handle objects. Haptic interfaces of this type hold great potential for design engineers, allowing various team members to manipulate a product design in a virtual environment in a natural way. Although you can handle an object, it is difficult to generate sensations associated with the human touch—for example, the sensations that are felt when a person touches a soft surface picks up a heavy object or runs a finger across a bumpy surface. To simulate these sensations, very accurate and fast computer-controlled motors generate force by pushing against the user.
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses computers to assist in the creation or modification of manufacturing control data, plans, or operations and to operate machine tools. Computers are
In addition to design and manufacturing, CADD provides usable data and supports many other areas of the engineering design process. Most sales and marketing materials, technical publications, and training documents reference some form of CADD data. Often existing drawings and models provide the majority of critical content required for items such as product brochures and installation and service manuals. Technical illustration involves the use of a variety of artistic and graphic arts skills and a wide range of media in addition to pictorial drawing techniques. The figure shows an example of a technical illustration partly created by directly reusing existing CADD data from the design process.
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the method of using computers in 
The animation is the process of making drawings or models move and change according to a sequence of predefined images. 
Animations are a basic element of product design and analysis, and they are often useful for other stages of the engineering design process. Animations help explain and show designs in ways that 
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Design & Drafting Industry
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